Muhammad Mahmud Muhammad Ahmad, known as Muhammad Qudsi, an officer and politician, in 1938 a member of the Xoybun Society and the Brotherhood Society, in 1939 a member of the Hiwa Party, in 1942 one of the Kurdish officers in the ranks of the Iraq army with the rank of Jidar (Lieutenant), in 1944 one of the participants in the Second Barzan Revolution, in 1945 he was a member of the Freedom Committee, in 1946 he was among the founding members of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the city of Mahabad, in 1947 he was executed by the government of Iraq in the city of Baghdad due to his participation in the Second Barzan Revolution (1943-1945).

Biography

Muhammad Mahmud Muhammad Ahmad was born in the city of Jerusalem, which is why he carried the title of the city. His father, Mahmud Effendi (1894-1969), was an officer in the Ottoman army and was later recruited into the Iraq army, then dismissed from the ranks of the army due to his son's connection to the Second Barzan Revolution. His mother, Qaral Khan, was of Circassian nationality from the Caucasus. In 1927, Muhammad Qudsi studied the first grade of primary school in the city of Mosul, in 1928 he started the second grade in the city of Sulaymaniyah. He finished the primary stage at the Khalidiyah Primary School and, to better learn the Sulaymaniyah dialect, he studied under Faiq Bekas and was given the title Qudsi. He finished the middle stage in the city of Sulaymaniyah and was known as the Star of Qudsi due to his ability in sports. In 1930, he was a member of the scout troop of the first school in Sulaymaniyah, in 1932 he was the commander of the scout troop (Kashafa) of the school in the city of Sulaymaniyah, in 1937 he was one of the founders of the Union Society in the city of Sulaymaniyah, in 1938 he joined the ranks of the Xoybun Society and the Brotherhood Society in the city of Sulaymaniyah, in 1939 he joined the ranks of the Kurdish Hiwa Party, in 1940 he was a graduate of the reserve officer course, in 1942 he graduated from the Baghdad Military College with the rank of Jidar (Second Lieutenant), in 1943 he was one of the active members of the Kurdish Hiwa Party in the town of Rawanduz (Erbil), in 1943 he worked as a director for theater in the town of Rawanduz.

Struggle Record

In 1943, Muhammad Mahmud Muhammad Ahmad was an aide to Mustafa Barzani for a visit to the city of Baghdad, in 1944 he left the ranks of the Royal Iraq Army and participated in the Second Barzan Revolution, on February 10, 1945, he was a letter carrier for the Kurdish Hiwa Party to President Mustafa Barzani, the commander of the Second Barzan Revolution and the head of the Freedom Committee in the Second Barzan Revolution, on January 15, 1945, he was a founding member of the Freedom Committee, in 1945, after the negotiations between the Freedom Committee and the Royal Iraq government, he and some of the revolutionary officers surrendered themselves to the government, but they were tightened in the Baghdad prison and later he fled with Jalal Amin Bag towards the liberated areas, in 1945 he published an article in Gelawej magazine, on March 25, 1945, he was a member of the negotiating delegation of the Freedom Committee headed by Mustafa Barzani and met with Captain Stokes, the representative of the British Embassy, in the village of Shawraw in the border of Erbil province, in 1945 he was an aide to President Mustafa Barzani on his tour of the Badinan region with the purpose of uniting the tribes against the Royal Iraq Army, on August 19, 1945, the military martial court issued an order to seize all his movable and immovable property due to his participation in the Second Barzan Revolution, in 1945, after the collapse of the Second Barzan Revolution, he became a refugee in Eastern Kurdistan.

In 1946, he participated in the training of the Peshmerga of the army of the Republic of Kurdistan at the military training center in the city of Mahabad, in 1946‌ he was promoted in the army of the Republic of Kurdistan to the rank of Pesheng (Captain), on March 21, 1946, at the Newroz celebration in the city of Mahabad, he delivered a speech to the masses, and it was printed in the Kurdistan newspaper, the organ of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, in 1946, with the approval of Sheikh Ahmad Sheikh Muhammad Sheikh Abdul-Salam (1892-1969), known as Sheikh Ahmad Barzani, and General Mustafa Barzani, he and Jalal Amin Bag assisted Ismail Ardalan in writing the book The Secrets of Barzan, in 1946 he was among the founding members of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the city of Mahabad, in 1946, the first declaration of the establishment of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, which was written by the lawyer Hamza Abdullah Omar (1915-1998) in Arabic, he translated into Central Kurdish and printed it at the Kurdistan printing house in the city of Mahabad, in 1946 he was the head of the youth organization of Saqqez in Eastern Kurdistan, in 1946, the first bylaws and program of the Kurdistan Democratic Party he translated from Arabic to Kurdish, in 1946, the Pishkawtin library of the town of Rawanduz printed a pamphlet titled Homeland and Patriotism in 16 pages, on May 7, 1946, accompanied by President Mustafa Barzani, he participated in the reopening of the boys' school of the Leader of Kurdistan in the city of Bukan and presented the speech of President Mustafa Barzani to the attendees.

In 1946, after the collapse of the Republic of Kurdistan under the command of General Mustafa Barzani He fought against the Iranian army. In the Year 1947, after the collapse of the Republic of Kurdistan and the completion of the final defenses, he attempted to save himself along with a group of his comrades, but they were unsuccessful, so he was forced to surrender himself to the Iraqi police on April 10, 1947. Most Kurdish figures headed to the city of Baghdad to try to intervene with the authorities so that he would not be hanged, because previously in 1945, a Military Court had issued a death sentence for him in absentia. Although it was decided that they would not be hanged, they were hurriedly sentenced to death by hanging until death for the second time in 1947 in a sham trial, which was the same previous sentence repeated against him. A large number of Kurdish figures residing in the city of Baghdad made great efforts to have the Iraqi monarchical authorities change the death sentence to imprisonment, but due to the insistence of Salih Jabr (1895-1957), the Prime Minister of Iraq, this effort did not succeed. Before the hanging, he and three of his comrades wrote a will to the people in which they reaffirmed their stance for the freedom of the homeland.

On June 19, 1947, at the time of his execution, with high spirits and while chanting national slogans and hoping for the escape of Mustafa Barzani and his comrades across the Aras River and their arrival in the Soviet Union, he went to the gallows. On June 19, 1947, in the courtyard of the central prison of Baghdad, in front of the Kurdish prisoners, he was executed. On June 19, 1947, his body was received by Abdul Samad Banna, a member of the Central Committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, and the Kurdish delegation, and was sent to the city of Sulaymaniyah. During the procession of his body from the central prison of Baghdad to the city of Sulaymaniyah, thousands of Kurds stood in front of the prison gate. Faiq (1905-1948), known as Faiq Bekas, the Kurdish poet, composed a poem titled "Kurdish Nation" to welcome the procession of his body and that of his companions, which was sung and recited in welcoming their bodies. That poem is a lament for the martyrs of June 19th and discusses all four martyrs. Despite the restriction of attendance, his body was welcomed by a large crowd in the city of Sulaymaniyah, and on this occasion, the great Kurdish poet Taufiq (1867-1950) Piramerd composed the poem "New Grief" and he was buried in the city of Sulaymaniyah at Seywan Hill. Radio Baghdad broadcast the news of the execution. In 1959, Kamaran Mukri (1929-1986) published a book titled "The Immortal Muhammad Qudsi" in 31 pages in the city of Sulaymaniyah. He was proficient in Kurdish, Arabic, and English languages.

Among his works:

1. What is Homeland and Patriotism? - 1946.

Source:

- Archive of the Kurdistan Democratic Party Encyclopedia Board.