Audiobooks

The Judiciary in the Aylul Revolution

Jawad Mustafa Stopeyi

This book consists of an introduction, four parts, and a photo album. The first part of this book is about the establishment and administration of courts in the Aylul Revolution as the establishment of the first Supreme Court of the revolution, judicial affairs in the Aylul Revolution , the type and method of establishing courts during the Aylul Revolution , the creation of courts and the conditions for their establishment, the problems facing the courts, the social reforms of the Aylul Revolution and some of the judges of the Aylul Revolution . The second part of the book discusses some of the institutions and establishments of the Aylul Revolution , such as the General Secretariat of Justice and Endowments, the Supreme Administrative Council of the Provinces of Kurdistan, and the Kurdistan Islamic Scholars Union. The third part discusses the impact of justice in the Aylul Revolution , such as the role of the courts in resolving disputes, the revolution's support for the decisions of the Sharia judge, some examples of the justice of President Mela Mustafa Barzani and the conduct of the revolutionary army of Kurdistan towards prisoners of war. The fourth part is about some of the religious scholars within the revolution, such as those mullahs who were entrusted with the duties of a Sharia judge, those religious scholars who performed the work of a Sharia judge Outside the authority of the Aylul Revolution, some of those mullahs who had a decisive role in resolving social problems, and those teachers who were members of the Supreme Fatwa Committee.

Iraqi Kurdistan, as a National Entity: A Study on the Aylul Revolution (1961-1969)

Dr. Ismet Cheriff Vanly

This book is a study written in 1970 about Aylul Revolution (1961-1969) in French, translated into Kurdish, and consists of two prefaces, nine chapters, and appendices. The first chapter discusses historical and geographical data and information related to the national issue of Iraqi Kurdistan, such as land and population, perspectives and observations on historical facts, the issue of the Mosul Vilayet or the fate of South Kurdistan and the Situation after the Year 1925. The second chapter of this book is about Abd al-Karim Qasim and the Kurd or the direct causes of the agreement and the wars. The third chapter discusses Aylul Revolution and its components. The fourth chapter discusses the fall of the Qasim regime and the position of the army, the position of the Arab nationalist bourgeoisie and the Arab democratic bourgeoisie, and the position of the Iraqi Communist Party. The fifth chapter is dedicated to the dialogue and negotiations between the Kurdish Delegate and the authorities of the Iraq governments, and the Kurdish vision and perspective on autonomy. The sixth chapter discusses the Ba'ath war and its results and consequences (June - November 1963). The seventh chapter is about the establishment and creation of the revolutionary institutions of the Aylul Revolution . The eighth chapter discusses the revolution from the Year 1965 to 1969 and the breaking of the ceasefire, the war of the Arifs (1965-1966) and the epic of Handren , the ceasefire of June 1966, the Situation of the years 1966 to 1969, and the resumption of war by the Ba'ath in 1969. The ninth chapter discusses the Kurdish issue and its revolution from the perspective of the international community, such as the Arab world and the Kurdish issue, the position of the Israelis, the position of Iran and Turkey and other Countrys, the United Nations, and the position of the International Red Cross.

The Role of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the Liberation Movement of the Kurdish People in South Kurdistan

Dilawar Muhammad Sadiq Zebari

This book is a political-historical study on the role of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the liberation movement of the Kurdish people in South Kurdistan between the years (1976-1991), consisting of an introduction, an abstract of the research, a gateway, three chapters, an appendix, and an abstract of the research in English. The first chapter of this book discusses the role of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the liberation movement of the Kurdish people between the years (1976-1979) and includes two topics regarding the resurgence of the Kurdistan Democratic Party-Iraq at the political and mass organization levels, Kurdistan Democratic Party and how the armed revolution re-emerged and the role of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the outbreak of the Gulan Revolution and its military activities against the government of Iraq. The second chapter is about the role of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the liberation movement of the Kurdish people between the years (1980-1985) and consists of five topics, which are the role of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the Iraqi opposition union, its military activities against the government of Iraq, the demonstrations and popular uprisings in Kurdistan, the civil war in Kurdistan, and the stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party on political developments in Iraq and Kurdistan, the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War, and the stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party regarding the negotiations of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan with the government of Iraq. The third chapter of the book discusses the role of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the liberation movement of the Kurdish people between the years (1986-1991) and includes four topics such as the role of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the reconciliation between the political parties of Kurdistan, its military activities against the government of Iraq, the establishment of the Kurdistan Front, and the outbreak of the March 1991 uprising in Kurdistan.

The Position of Balakayati in the Aylul Revolution 1961 - 1975

Rebaz Dilawar Omar

This book is number 9 of the series of books (60th Anniversary of the Aylul Revolution (1961-1975)), which consists of an introduction, three parts, and an appendix. The first part of the book discusses a brief history of Balakayati before the year 1961 and the outbreak of the Aylul Revolution and includes four sections that discuss the roots of the name Balak, the geographical location of Balakayati, the naming of the region and the tribe as Balak, the administrative aspect and tribal structure of the region, the role and stance of the people of Balakayati in the events and developments of the region during the years of the First World War (1914-1918), the time of British rule, the return of the Turks to the region, their participation in the government of Iraq, and in the Kurdish revolutions after the First World War in the year (1961). The second part discusses the initial events of the revolution in Balakayati, its liberation, and its becoming the base of the leadership of the Aylul Revolution and consists of four sections that discuss Balakayati during the period between some of the tribes of Kurdistan and the government of Iraq, the uprising of the people of the region at the beginning of the Aylul Revolution , the stance of the army and mercenaries after the failure of the uprising in the Balakayati region until its liberation in 1962, the liberation of Balakayati in the year 1962, the most important military movements for the liberation of the region, the region becoming the base of the leadership of the Aylul Revolution , and the most important factors that led to the selection of the region, and the political, military, and service bases and headquarters of the revolution in the Balakayati region. The third part discusses the position of Balakayati, the role of its people in the revolution, and the effects of the revolution on the region, and consists of five sections that discuss the political, military, and economic position between the years (1961-1975), the role of the people of Balakayati in terms of reception, cooperation, and as Peshmerga, the Situation of civilians during the revolution, and the effects of the revolution on the region.

The Struggle of the Kurds of Iraq for Freedom and National Security (1941-1963)

Dr. Saeed Ahmed Barzani

The second part discusses the revolution of the Kurdish people in Iraqi Kurdistan in the period after the Second World War for national independence, the overthrow of the monarchy, and the establishment of a republican system, and includes three axes such as the armed Kurdish revolution of Iraq led by Mustafa Barzani for national independence in the years 1943 and 1945, the participation of the democratic forces of the Kurdish people of Iraq in the national liberation struggle of the Kurds of Iran, the Kurdistan Democratic Party, and social organizations in Iraq during and after the Second World War. The third part of the book is about Kurdistan Democratic Party , the organizing force and leadership of the national liberation movement in Iraqi Kurdistan for the sake of achieving the national rights of the Kurdish people, and includes three axes such as the establishment of Kurdistan Democratic Party and its political program, the participation of the Kurdish people led by Kurdistan Democratic Party in protecting the Republic of Iraq, the complication of the Situation in the Republic of Iraq, and the struggle of Kurdistan Democratic Party against reactionaries during the period between the years (1959-1963).

Education and Learning in the View of President Barzani

Dr. Barzan Sheikh Jafar Sheikh Ali

This book is organized by topic and consists of an introduction and a collection of topics. The book is a general and analytical reading of President Barzani's role in the field of education and learning and the preservation of the Kurdish national identity. The topics of this book consist of the education system in Iraq, a historical introduction regarding education and learning in Kurdistan, the importance of education and learning within the platform and program of Kurdistan Democratic Party , education and learning during the era of Aylul Revolution between the years (1961-1970), President Barzani's vision for students and teachers, the role of the country's president in paying attention to education and learning, the role of President Barzani in paying attention to education and learning in several different stages, the Kurdistan Region after the uprising, the impact of the civil war on the learning process, an analysis of President Barzani's political discourse regarding the student and teacher segments, the role of language in the process of nation-building, the role of Mullah Mustafa Barzani in introducing the Kurdish language as a national identity, the impact of the Algiers Agreement on the Kurdish language, the impact of Gulan Revolution on the Kurdish language as a national language and national identity, the role of President Barzani in preserving cultural identity.

The Black Death

Mustafa Abdulrahman Yunis Aradani

This book consists of chapters and sections that generally discuss the attack of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) on Kurdistan. The first section of this book is about political Islam and includes topics that discuss the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda, measures taken to strengthen the atmosphere of trust, the Ba'ath and foreign fighters and jihadist Salafists, the planner of the establishment of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), the beliefs and ideology of ISIS, the sources and financial revenues of ISIS, the provinces of ISIS in Iraq and Arab countries and the world, the recruitment of children, the occupation of Iraq and the creation of the Islamic State in Syria. The second section discusses the disputed areas of Kurdistan and Arabization and consists of four topics: the stages of Arabization, the plan of the ISIS attack on Kurdistan, the support of America and Western countries for the Kurds, and the liberation of the disputed areas of Kurdistan that ISIS had controlled. The third section is about Shingal, the Yazidis, and ISIS and consists of five topics and discusses terror and religion, the tribes surrounding Shingal and those who betrayed the Yazidis, the importance of the city of Shingal for the Islamic State (ISIS), the deception of the Yazidis, and eyewitnesses. The fourth section of this book discusses ISIS and the Christians and includes two topics: under the mouth of the sword to become a Muslim, and direct eyewitness accounts from the Christian Nineveh Plains. The fifth section includes the crimes of ISIS and the destruction and ruining of mosques and religious temples and the use of chemical weapons by ISIS. The sixth section discusses the war to liberate the disputed areas of Kurdistan and consists of three topics: the Barzani leadership, the agreement between America and the Kurdistan Regional Government, and the passage of the Iraq military through Kurdistan to liberate Mosul. The seventh section discusses the Kurds of Rojava and ISIS and includes two topics: the establishment of the PYD, and the meeting of President Masoud Barzani with the Kurds of Rojava. The eighth section is about the war in Kobani and the sending of Peshmerga to Kobani and consists of three topics: the efforts to send Peshmerga to Kobani, Turkey and ISIS, and the position of Iran and the Islamic State and Kurdistan. The ninth section discusses ISIS statistics and includes four topics: statistics on the number of Yazidis and the number of displaced persons, camps for displaced Yazidis, the referendum, and the battles of Pirde and Sahila.

The Legendary Leader of the Kurd Nation and the Aylul Revolution in Russian Newspapers -(1958-1979)

Dr. Ismail Hasaf

This book is a collection and translation of articles from a group of Russian publications regarding the legendary figure of Mullah Mustafa Barzani and Aylul Revolution between the years (1958-1979). The book is organized according to the historical sequence of events, consisting of two introductions, the translator's and the Russian edition's, and newspaper articles. In general, the subject matter of the articles concerns the personality of Mullah Mustafa Barzani and the national liberation struggle of the Kurd nation in South Kurdistan and the activities of the Kurdistan Democratic Party between the years (1958-1979).

Hazhar Mukriyani: Life and Political and Cultural Role (1921-1991)

Hamza Khanalayi

This book is a historical study on the life and political and cultural role of Hazhar Mukriyani between the years (1921-1991), consisting of an introduction, three parts, and appendices. The first part of this book is dedicated to his life and political role until the Year 1985 and includes two sections regarding his life, the sources of his political intellectual development, and political activities. The second part discusses the political activities between the years (1959-1991) and includes two sections, which shed light on his activities in Baghdad between the years (1959-1963), and Hazhar's return to Baghdad and Iran. The third part is about the cultural role of Hazhar Mukriyani and consists of three sections that discuss his cultural background, journalism, media, and his works.

The Difficult Path to Independence in the Memoirs of Taymaz Arab

Siamand Silki

This book is dedicated to the memoirs of a Peshmerga of the Second Barzan Revolution and the Republic of Kurdistan and the crossing during the historic march of Mela Mustafa Barzani and his companions to the former Soviet Union. The topics are organized by time and events in the form of parts, consisting of an introduction, nine parts, and a photo album. The book generally discusses the life and struggle of Taymaz Arab and his displacement. The most important topics are the withdrawal of the Barzan army towards Eastern Kurdistan in the year 1945, the crossing towards the Soviet Union and the beginning of the hardships, the outbreak of Aylul Revolution , the negotiations and the March 11 Agreement, and the outbreak of Gulan Revolution .

The Revolutionary Command Council of the Aylul Revolution in Kurdistan - Iraq

Prof. Dr. Shirzad Zakaria Muhammad

This book is number 8 in the series of books (60th Anniversary of the Aylul Revolution (1961-1975)), it contains three introductions, including an introduction written by Dr. Abdul-Fattah Ali Botani, an introduction by the researcher, and an introduction to the second edition written by the author, and it consists of five parts, an appendix, and photographs. The first part of the book discusses the Kurdish national movement in Iraqi Kurdistan between the years (1958-1964), which is the political Situation in Kurdistan from July 14, 1958, to November 18, 1963, and the political developments in Kurdistan as a result of the coup of November 18, 1963. The second part is about the Situation of forming the Revolutionary Command Council in Iraqi Kurdistan, which includes four topics: the first meeting of the Council and the most prominent events of this session, the reaction of the Kurdish parties regarding the formation of the Council, the position of Kurdistan Democratic Party and professional and popular organizations regarding the formation of the Council, and the initial statements and publications of the Revolutionary Command Council. The third part discusses the developments of the political Situation in Kurdistan between the years (1965-1970) and includes three sections that discuss the Revolutionary Command Council in Kurdistan and the deterioration of the Situation as a result of the resumption of war in April 1965, the Revolutionary Command Council in Kurdistan and the political developments in Kurdistan after the coup of July 17, 1968, and the end of the Revolutionary Command Council in Kurdistan. The fourth part discusses the activities of the Revolutionary Command Council and internal movements regarding the organization of administrations and financial affairs, health, education and learning, the problem of land and the Situation of farmers, the advancement of justice, the affairs of the Peshmerga, and the social sphere. The fifth part of this book discusses the external activities of the Revolutionary Command Council to support the Kurdish revolution in Kurdistan, which includes four topics regarding the external efforts of the Council until the outbreak of war in Kurdistan in 1965, the trip of Ismet Cherif Vanly to the United States of America and its consequences, the external activities of the Council until 1966, and the Revolutionary Command Council in Kurdistan and its external activities until 1970.

American Policy towards the Kurdish Cause in Iran 1960-1981

Dr. Karwan Salih Waisi

This book is fundamentally an academic thesis on American policy towards the Kurdish cause in Iran between the years 1960-1981, a historical and documentary study, consisting of an introduction, six chapters, and an appendix. The first chapter of this book is about the American stance on the Kurdish cause in Iran between the years 1943-1959 and consists of three sections, which discuss America and the events in the city of Urmia in 1943, the political Situation of the Kurds in Iran from the American perspective from January 1943 to March 1947, and the developments of the Kurdish cause in Iran in American stances from April 1947 to December 1959. The second chapter is about American policy towards the Kurdish cause in Iran between the years 1960-1972 and includes three sections: American policy towards the developments of the Kurdish cause in Iran between January 1960 and October 1963, the political developments of the Kurdish cause in the East and American policy between the years 1964-1968, and the impact of the relationship between America and Iran on the Kurds of the East between the years 1969-1972. The third chapter discusses the developments and reflections of the Kurdish cause within the events of Iran and American policy between the years 1973-1978, including three sections on the fate of the Kurdish cause under the shadow of American policy between the years 1973 to 1971, American policy towards the impact of the Kurdish cause on the political situation of Iran in 1977, and the participation of the Kurds in the revolution of the peoples of Iran and the reflection of the Kurdish cause in the stances and policy of America in 1978. The fourth chapter is about American policy towards negotiations and political developments in Eastern Kurdistan between January and August 22, 1979, and consists of three sections, which discuss the war and autonomy negotiations between the Kurds and the Iranian government and American policies and stances in January-March 1979, the developments of the Kurds' efforts for self-rule with the new Iranian authority and American policy in April-May 1979, and the Situation of the Kurdish movements' efforts to obtain their national rights with the Iranian government and American policy from June to August 22, 1979. The fifth chapter discusses the stance and policy of America towards political developments in Eastern Kurdistan from August 23 to December 1979 and includes three sections: American policy towards the negotiations of the Kurds and the new Iranian regime on August 23-31, 1979, American policy amidst peace efforts between Tehran and the Kurds in September-October 1979, and the final phase of the war and negotiations of the Kurds with the Iranian government and American policy in November-December 1979. The sixth chapter is about American policy towards the Kurdish cause in Iran between the years 1980-1981 and includes three sections which discuss the Kurdish national movement in Iran and American policy towards it in January-July 1980, the Kurdish cause amidst the changes in Iranian and American policy in July-November 1980, and the defeat of the national movement of the Kurds of the East and American policy from December 1980 to November 1981.

The Kurdistan Students Association in Europe (Kurdistan Embassy in Exile) 1949-1975

Ali Jafar

The book 'The Kurdistan Students Association in Europe (Kurdistan Embassy in Exile)' between the years (1949-1975), which was originally in two parts, has been translated from Arabic into Kurdish, and consists of an introduction, a gateway, and six parts. The first part of this book contains a brief history of the world student movement and the Kurdistan Students movement, and the details of all seventeen Congresses of the Kurdistan Students Association in Europe are presented. The second part discusses the intellectual and political structure of the Association and its goals, the Association's activities in the field of internationalizing the Kurdish cause, the Association's activities in Eastern European countries, the role of women in the Association and Kurdish relationships, the Association's relationship with world student organizations and financial aid for studies, the attitude of the occupying regimes of Kurdistan towards the Association and its activities, the attitude of Communist parties towards the Association, the Association's internal disputes and their split, and some comedic attitudes and happy events of the Association. The third part is dedicated to discussing the branches of the Kurdistan Students Association in Eastern and Western European countries such as, the UK branch, Austria, West Germany, Istanbul, East Germany, the former Soviet Union, West Berlin, the former Czechoslovakia, Poland, the former Yugoslavia, Sweden, Romania, France, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands. The fifth part discusses the biographies of a number of activists of this Association. The sixth part of this work contains several documents of the Association and photographs.

Geopolitical Dimensions of the Independence Referendum in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Dr. Sasan Hikmat Ali

This book is an academic thesis on the geopolitical dimensions of the independence referendum in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, consisting of a research summary, an introduction, five parts, and appendices. The first part of this book discusses the theoretical framework of the research and consists of two topics, which are about the right to self-determination of nations, the referendum, and its consequences in light of international experiences. The second part, which consists of two topics, is about the geopolitical foundations and obstacles to state-building in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The third part consists of two topics such as the emergence and development of the Kurdish cause, and the motives and justifications for the independence referendum of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The fourth part discusses the domestic, regional, and international attitudes towards the independence referendum of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and consists of three topics such as attitudes at the domestic Iraqi level, the attitude of neighboring countries, and the attitude of the international community. The fifth part is about holding the independence referendum, its consequences, and the future scenarios for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and consists of three topics such as the preparations for holding the independence referendum and the analysis of its results in the Kurdistan Region, the domestic and external consequences of the independence referendum of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and the future scenarios for the Kurdistan Region.

Second Barzan Revolution

Dr. Mustafa Muhammad Karim

The first part of the book discusses the political situation of the Barzan region during the years (1933-1939) and contains three topics, which discuss the political events of Iraq between the years (1933-1939), the uprising of Khalil Khoshawi between the years (1934-1936), and the exile phase of the Barzan Sheikhs. The second part of this book discusses the contributing factors to the outbreak of the Second Barzan Revolution and consists of three topics, which discuss the influence, role, and struggle of the leaders of the Barzan Tekke, the Second World War and its political and economic effects on Southern Kurdistan, and the emergence of Kurdish political parties and associations. The third part discusses the Second Barzan Revolution from the beginning of the armed phase to the negotiation phase from October 2, 1943, to June 3, 1944, and consists of three topics, which discuss the exile phase Mustafa Barzani towards the outbreak of the revolution, the initial phases of the Second Barzan Revolution, and the negotiations between the revolution's leadership and the Iraqi government. The fourth part discusses the deterioration of relationships, the re-outbreak of the revolution, and its consequences, and contains two topics which are about the tension in the relationships between the government and the revolution's leadership, and the suppression of the Second Barzan Revolution and its consequences.

Minorities of the Middle East: The Kurdish Community 1918-1974 (Volume Four)

B. Destani

Originally, this project consists of (30) volumes; the KDP Encyclopedia Board has only translated the part dedicated to the Kurdish community in the Middle East. This book consists of four volumes regarding the minorities of the Middle East, specifically the Kurdish community between the years (1918-1974), containing a collection of documents, with topics arranged according to time and events, prepared by B. Destani. These four volumes rely on telegrams, exchanged letters, and original reports. The fourth volume contains 178 documents and memoranda between the years (1967-1974), with topics shedding light on the intentions of the Revolutionary Command Council in supporting the Bazzaz proposals in June 1966, which led to the resolution of the Kurdish issue in 1970, a resolution that immediately faced obstacles, the announcement of the autonomy plan for the Kurds by the Revolutionary Command Council in 1974, and its rejection by Kurdistan Democratic Party and the ignition of war against the demands of Aylul Revolution .

The Secrets of Barzan

Ismail Ardalan

Apart from the index, this book has been annotated with an introduction by the encyclopedia editorial board, and the personalities and events within the book have been re-identified and defined in an appendix, and finally, the Persian text (Asrar Barzan) has been included as it is. This book discusses the geography and social life of the Barzan region, the goal of the return of Mustafa Barzani from Sulaymaniyah to Barzan and his preparations for the Barzan revolution and the support of political parties and intellectuals for the Barzan revolution, the intervention of the British state and the fall of the Iraq government cabinet and the formation of the Nuri al-Said cabinet and the role of Majid Mustafa in this cabinet, the political Situation of the world and its effects on Kurdistan, the going of Mustafa Khoshnaw, Mirhaj, and Izzat Abdulaziz to Barzan, the formation and program of the Freedom Committee for the second Barzan revolution and the relationship with the Hiwa Party and the submission of a memorandum to the representatives of foreign Country, the issuance of a statement on the Situation of the revolution, the steps of the Freedom Committee from the military aspect, the outbreak of the second Barzan revolution in 1945 and the end of the revolution and the going of Mustafa Barzani to Eastern Kurdistan in Iran.

Geographic Capabilities of the Rojava Region (A Study in Political Geography)

Imad Abdul Hussein Jaf

This book is an academic study regarding the border of the Rojava region within the state of Syria and Greater Kurdistan, which is organized into parts, topics, and themes, consisting of an introduction, four parts, and an appendix. The first part of this book is the theoretical framework of the study, containing two topics regarding the concept of the Kurd and the border of Kurdistan, the division of Kurdistan and the determination of the border of Kurdistan, the concept of the region and Rojava, and the determination of the border of the Rojava region, as well as the area, shape, and location of the Rojava region. The second part discusses the natural geographic capabilities of the Rojava region, which includes geological structure, topography, climate, water resources, soil and vegetation cover, and mineral resources. The third part is about the human geographic capabilities of the Rojava region and consists of two topics, discussing the population geography of the Rojava region such as demographic changes, shifts, distribution, and population structure, and the economic geographic capabilities of the Rojava region such as agricultural, industrial, transport, trade, service, and tourism Activities. The fourth part is about evaluating the political capabilities, obstacles, and future scenarios of the Rojava region, which includes the political forces of the Rojava region, the popular uprising in Syria and the Kurds of Rojava, the Autonomous Administration and the stages of its formation, the internal and external relationships of the Rojava region, and the obstacles and scenarios facing the future of the Rojava region.

Iraq's Oil Policy and the Stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (1958-1975)

Ali Khalil Betkari

This book is an academic thesis on Iraq's oil policy and the stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party between the years (1958-1975), which consists of an introduction, a preface, three parts, and an appendix. In the preface, a historical summary regarding the beginning of oil discovery in Iraq and the arrival of oil companies to Iraq has been discussed. The first part of this book is about Iraq's oil policy and the stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party between the years (1958-1963) and consists of three themes, which are the negotiations of the Iraqi government with oil companies and the stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, the issuance of Law No. (80) of 1961 and the deterioration of the relationship between the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Democratic Party, and the bombing of the Ain Zalah oil field in October 1962, which has been analyzed. The second part discusses Iraq's oil policy and the stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party between the years (1963-1970) and consists of three themes, which include the negotiations of the Iraqi government with oil companies and the stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party between the years (1963-1966), Law No. (97) of 1967 and the stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, and the bombing of the Kirkuk oil field in March 1966. The third part is about Iraq's oil policy and the stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party between the years (1970-1975) and includes three themes, discussing the negotiations for the nationalization of oil with oil companies and the stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party between the years (1970-1972), the Oil Nationalization Law No. (69) of 1972 and the stance of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, and Iraq's oil policy after the nationalization of oil and the stance of the Party between the years (1973-1975).

Minorities of the Middle East: The Kurdish Community 1918-1974 (Volume Three)

B. Dastani

The third volume contains 169 documents and memoranda between the years (1941-1967), regarding writings and reports related to the political and Military position in Iranian Kurdistan, the Situation of the borders between Iran and Iraq during the Second World War, the intervention of Russia, Germany, and Turkey in the region, the policy of the Turkish state towards the Kurd, the Kurds of Syria, and the Kurdistan of Azerbaijan, Kurdistan Democratic Party led by Mullah Mustafa Barzani In the Year 1961, the deterioration of the relationship between the Kurd and the government of Iraq in the Year 1965.

Statelessness as a Factor of Creativity in Three Kurdish Poets (Cigerxwîn, Hêmin, Paşêw)

Rêbaz Hesen Rehman

This book is a study from a literary perspective on the issue of statelessness in the texts of (Cigerxwîn, Hêmin, and Paşêw), consisting of an introduction and three parts, with each part composed of several sections. The first part discusses the state and the consequences of statelessness related to creativity and includes three sections regarding terminology, concepts, definitions, foundations, and the role and importance of the state. Concepts, definitions, the relationship of statelessness to identity, refugee status, and the importance of the foundation of land for poets. Concepts, definitions of creativity, creativity from a psychological perspective, and the views of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and Alfred Adler on creativity. The second part of this book discusses the relationship of statelessness to the issues of identity, refugee status, and land, consisting of three sections that shed light on the lack of national identity, refugee status, and land as factors of poetic creativity for Kurdish poets such as Cigerxwîn, Hêmin, and Paşêw. The third part is devoted to the influence of psychological issues on poetic creativity for the poets and includes three sections regarding inferiority complexes, feelings of subjugation, and psychological reactions as factors of poetic creativity for the poets Cigerxwîn, Hêmin, and Paşêw.

Mustafa Barzani in the Secret Documents of the Iraq Government

Dr. Burhan Hatem Gometalî

This book consists of an introduction, three parts, and an appendix of documents. The first part of this book includes two sections, which discuss the government's surveillance of the movements and the internal and external relationship of Mustafa Barzani. The second part, which includes two sections, is about the supervision of the wars by Barzani and the Galala Conference. The third part consists of three sections, which point to Barzani's position regarding the agreements of February 10, 1964, June 29, 1966, and March 11, 1970.

Kurdistan, from Uprising to the Independence Referendum

Dr. Saman Sorani

This book is about the referendum and the uprising as two important events in which the people of Kurdistan participated, consisting of an introduction and two parts, with each part consisting of several sections. The first part of this book discusses the uprising of the people of Kurdistan and the positive consequences for the Kurd cause and includes two sections regarding: the uprising and the diplomatic relationship of the Kurd, why did the uprising happen?, the brutal suppression of the uprising by the Saddam regime and the international reaction, the establishment of parliament, the declaration of federalism, the establishment of the first cabinet of the government, the historic Washington Agreement, the relationship between the Kurd and America and the Kurd and France after the uprising. The role of the Kurd in the process of the liberation of Iraq and the subsequent equations, the liberation of Iraq in 2003, the rights and status of the Kurd in the 2005 constitution, the Kurd within the Iraqi equation after the Fall of the Ba'ath regime, the presidency of the region as a new achievement for the people of Kurdistan, diplomatic relationship after the establishment of the presidency of the Kurdistan Region. The second part is about the Kurdistan independence referendum and international applicable laws and the voice of the Kurd, including three sections dedicated to: preparations for holding the referendum and regional and international positions, the role of the Peshmerga in the war against ISIS under the leadership of President Barzani, referendum for independence?, preparations for holding the referendum, the position of Iraq and neighboring Country regarding holding the referendum, the position of the international community, the United States of America, the Russian Federation, Britain, France and Germany and other countries and international and regional organizations. The philosophy of the referendum as an important factor for the sovereignty of Kurdistan, protecting the survival and integrity and strengthening the entity and constitutional institutions of the Kurdistan Region, the people of Kurdistan in the referendum regained their self-confidence to further defend their national identity. The role of President Barzani in initiating the independence referendum and his wise decision on holding the independence referendum, the role of President Barzani in uniting the ranks and reviving hope, yes President Barzani is the reference and leader, President Barzani is a school for peace and the philosophy of political dialogue, the message of President Barzani and the philosophy of national unity.

The Liberated Areas of South Kurdistan (1961-1970)

Ali Chiyayi

The first part of this book is about the geographical border and how to manage the liberated areas, it includes three sections that discuss the geographical border of the liberated areas, how to manage and the problems and difficulties and the management of the liberated areas and the announcements of the revolution, the establishment of the Revolutionary Command Council and the problems and difficulties in the liberated areas and the revolutionary courts and the types of courts in the liberated areas and the characteristics and importance of the revolutionary courts and the financial source of the revolutionary courts and the inspection and auditing of the courts. The second part of the book discusses the economic Situation, life and livelihood of the people in the liberated areas, it consists of three sections: regarding agricultural crops in the liberated areas and fruit tree crops and natural crops and forests and production in the agricultural sector and support and assistance to farmers and residents of the liberated areas for the revolution, animal husbandry and the methods and how to work in sheep farming in the mountainous areas and transhumance and the problems facing the animal husbandry sector, trade and types of trade and crafts. The third part is about the Situation and social life of the liberated areas, it includes three sections that discuss the position of tribes and customs and traditions and the role and status of women and customs and traditions, education and learning, the health Situation in the liberated areas.

The Secret Circle

Sirwan Biyayi and Star Dori

The first book is about espionage procedures, the theory and practice of intelligence in ancient China and consists of an introduction and several sections regarding the spy, secrecy and counter-measures, secret Activity and psychological warfare, theories of evaluation and intelligence, personality, implementation of the intelligence process, signs of a failed Country, Military and field intelligence. The second book discusses intelligence, from secrecy to politics and includes an introduction and several sections discussing what intelligence is, the development of American intelligence agencies, the intelligence process who does what for whom?, information gathering and rules, analysis, counter-intelligence, secret Activity, the role of the politician, supervision and responsibility, intelligence program, the issue of ethics in intelligence, foreign intelligence agencies. The third book is about the art of espionage and consists of an introduction and several sections that discuss who spies?, prominent acts of espionage, American security agencies, Moscow is the city of spies, sabotage, message concealment equipment, secret meeting places, weapons, how to become a spy, the fate of the spy.

Minorities of the Middle East: The Kurdish Community 1918-1974 (Volume One)

B. Destani

Originally, this project consists of (30) volumes; the KDP Encyclopedia Board has only translated the part dedicated to the Kurdish community in the Middle East. This book consists of four volumes regarding the minorities of the Middle East, specifically the Kurdish community between the years (1918-1974). It contains a collection of documents, with topics arranged according to time and events, prepared by B. Destani. These four volumes rely on telegrams, exchanged letters, and original reports. The first volume contains 125 documents and memoranda between the years (1918-1930), which maps the modern history of the Kurd in the Middle East, starting with the wishes of the Kurds before the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and continuing with the demands, complaints, and uprisings of the 1920s and 1930s of the Kurd of Iraq.

History of the Peshmerga from the Ottoman Empire to Today's Iraq

Michael G. Lortz

The first part of this book is dedicated to the order of Kurdish fighters and the importance of the Peshmerga; Peshmerga means the Kurdish military of Kurdistan of Iraq. The second part concerns the background of the Peshmerga between the years (1890-1958), including Kurdish forces in the First World War, the emergence of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji, the Sheikh Said rebellion, Xoybûn (Ararat rebellion), the beginning of the name and reputation of Barzani, the resurgence of Barzani's forces and the Barzan uprising (1943-1945), the Republic of Kurdistan in Mahabad, the stories and historical conflicts after the Fall of Mahabad, and the Peshmerga in the Soviet Union between the years (1947-1958). The third part discusses the Peshmerga in the new Iraq between the years (1958-2003), such as the Kurd-Iraq war (1961-1970), the fragmentation of the Peshmerga ranks, the second Kurd-Iraq war (1974-1975), the establishment of the Union, the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988), the Peshmerga during Operation Desert Storm (1990-1991), the 1991 uprising, the Kurdish civil war (1995-1998), the Peshmerga during Operation Iraqi Freedom in the year (2003), and the Peshmerga in the new Iraq (2003-2005).

History of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Volume One

Kurdistan Democratic Party Encyclopedia Board

This book consists of two volumes that generally discuss the history of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, and its topics are organized according to time and events. The second volume of the book discusses the political decisions of the Tenth Congress, the final communiqué of the congress, the list of speeches, programs, and congratulatory messages of the congress, and the military conference of the party's leaders and commanders. It discusses the Eleventh Congress of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Unified in 1993, the Twelfth in 1999, and the Thirteenth in 2010. The Eleventh Congress includes the announcement of the Second Congress of the Kurdistan Unified Party, the text of the political report of the congress, the party's approved internal bylaws and program, the decisions and recommendations of the congress, the final communiqué of the congress proceedings, and the messages and congratulatory telegrams of the congress. The Twelfth Congress includes the text of President Masoud Barzani's speech to the guests and members of the congress, the general report of the congress, the internal bylaws and program approved by the congress, the decisions and recommendations of the congress, the final communiqué of the congress, and the speeches, telegrams, letters, and congratulatory messages. The Thirteenth Congress includes the text of President Masoud Barzani's speech to the congress, the internal bylaws and program approved by the congress, the final communiqué of the congress, the recommendations of the congress, and a portion of the speeches delivered by the guests.

History of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Volume Two

Kurdistan Democratic Party Encyclopedia Board

This book consists of two volumes that generally discuss the history of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, and its topics are organized according to time and events. The second volume of the book discusses the political decisions of the Tenth Congress, the final communiqué of the congress, the list of speeches, programs, and congratulatory messages of the congress, and the military conference of the party's leaders and commanders. It discusses the Eleventh Congress of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Unified in 1993, the Twelfth in 1999, and the Thirteenth in 2010. The Eleventh Congress includes the announcement of the Second Congress of the Kurdistan Unified Party, the text of the political report of the congress, the party's approved internal bylaws and program, the decisions and recommendations of the congress, the final communiqué of the congress proceedings, and the messages and congratulatory telegrams of the congress. The Twelfth Congress includes the text of President Masoud Barzani's speech to the guests and members of the congress, the general report of the congress, the internal bylaws and program approved by the congress, the decisions and recommendations of the congress, the final communiqué of the congress, and the speeches, telegrams, letters, and congratulatory messages. The Thirteenth Congress includes the text of President Masoud Barzani's speech to the congress, the internal bylaws and program approved by the congress, the final communiqué of the congress, the recommendations of the congress, and a portion of the speeches delivered by the guests.

Minorities of the Middle East: The Kurdish Community 1918-1974 (Volume Two)

B. Dastani

This book consists of four volumes regarding the minorities of the Middle East, specifically the Kurdish community between the years (1918-1974). It contains a collection of documents, and the topics are organized according to time and events, prepared by B. Dastani. These four volumes rely on telegrams, exchanged letters, and original reports. The second volume contains 124 documents and memoranda between the High Commissioner in Iraq and the Minister of State for Colonial Affairs between the years (1931-1940), regarding the events in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdish demands to the League of Nations, the stance of the British and Iraqi governments, the Local Languages Law, and the internal policy of Iraq regarding Kurdish nationalism.

The Kurdish Issue in West Asia at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century

Olga Ivanovna Zhigalina

This book is translated from Russian; it is a collection of topics specific to analyzing the Kurdish issue in the countries of West Asia, which includes the countries of Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and Iran. The vast majority of these writings and analyses were written by Kurdologists of the Institute of Oriental Studies and higher education institutions in Moscow, and they emphasize the details of the Kurdish issue in Iraq and Turkey, and a part also sheds light on the characteristics of the Kurdish issue in Iran and Syria, and the regional and international aspects are also presented. The topics of this book consist of the Kurdish issue in West Asia at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the emergence and development of internal Kurdish conflicts, the stance of regional neighbors on the independence of Iraqi Kurdistan, America and the Kurds of South Kurdistan, South Kurdistan and the development of the political process in Iraq, the challenges of implementing autonomy in South Kurdistan and the reasons for not returning, the political role of the universities of South Kurdistan, the political development of the Kurds of South Kurdistan, the permanent constitution of Iraq and Kurdish interests, the impact of the Iraq crisis on resolving the Kurdish issue in the Republic of Turkey, the democratic shift and the Kurdish issue in Turkey at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationships of the Iraqi Turkmen with various political forces and the interests of Turkey, the stance of the new Iranian conservatives regarding the Kurdish issue and stability in West Asia, the Kurdish factor in Turkey's foreign policy, the role of southeastern Turkey in the national strategy for transporting energy to domestic and foreign markets, the situation in Iraq and the problems of political stability in Turkey, South Kurdistan as the most important factor for Iraq's stability, the Kurdish factor and regional stability, the Kurdistan economic program, the oil situation in South Kurdistan, the Kurdistan Region and the problem of stability, the horizons of a Kurdish state, and the Kurds as a factor for regional stability.

The Kurds.. The Silent Revolution

Jean Pradier

This book has been translated from French into Kurdish. The author of this book, who is an observer and an academic, remained in constant relationship during his stay of several months in that liberated part of Kurdistan with the leader of the revolution, General Mullah Mustafa Barzani, or with members of the Revolutionary Council and members of the administrative board, and was able to conduct interviews and ask questions to anyone in order to carry out research, surveys, and studies. The book is generally a rich field study about the Kurdish people, who are an oppressed people, generally about the history and geography of Kurdistan from its inception and the division of Greater Kurdistan between countries such as Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Iran, the humanitarian negligence towards the Kurds, from the revolution of July 14, 1958, to September 11, 1961, and the Aylul Revolution, compulsory military service, discord and opposition, the economy of the revolution, Barzani as a popular leader and a historical figure, the Talabani crisis, the structure and framework of the revolution, the army of the revolution, the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Seventh Congress, information and relationship in the Aylul Revolution.

Can the Subaltern Speak?

Gayatri Spivak

This book is a philosophical study consisting of a translator's introduction. The book generally discusses power, desire, interests, and the opinions of philosophers in this regard. It discusses subaltern, subordinate, and marginalized people for whatever reason or justification. It discusses the East, as philosophers believe that the East that exists today was created by Westerners and is not the East's own, and Westerners are not satisfied with anything from the Easterners, and it has presented the issue of Eastern intellectuals.

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Memoirs of Aziz Qazi Surchi

Ali Khoshawi

This book, which is dedicated to the memoirs of a Peshmerga of the Second Barzan Revolution and the Republic of Kurdistan and the crossing during the historical march of Mustafa Barzani and his companions to the former Soviet Union, is organized by topic and consists of an introduction, eleven sections, and a photo album.

The Official Discourse of "Great Britain" and the Aylul Revolution, 1961-1976

Ghazi Hassan

This book is an academic study consisting of an introduction and two parts. In general, it presents an analysis of the official diplomatic discourse of the state of Great Britain, based on a number of secret diplomatic reports and letters regarding the Kurd cause between the years 1961-1976. Within the framework of this analysis, details, political perspectives, how information was gathered and public opinion was formed, state decisions, the determination of dimensions, and some general themes are presented. Also, an analysis of the vocabulary, arguments, and metaphors within those secret texts that relate to this Country's perspective on the Kurds has been conducted.

The Fall of Media

Murad Dagdelen

This book has been translated into Sorani from the Latin dialect; it is a historical novel that discusses Astyages, King of the Country of Media, the birth of his daughter Mandana, her marriage, the birth of his grandson Cyrus, his removal from the throne due to a plot, the rescue of Cyrus by the palace shepherd, his reunion with his mother, the rise of Cyrus's fame, his appointment as leader of the Persians, the formation of an army against Astyages, the outbreak of war between Cyrus and his grandfather Astyages, and the Fall of the Median Empire.

The Kurds and Their Rights

Lucien Rambaud

This book was published in 1947 regarding the political situation of the Kurdish people in French, has been translated into Kurdish, and consists of an introduction, seven chapters, an appendix, and conclusions. In general, it discusses the struggles and revolutions of the Kurds in the countries they have been divided among in order to achieve independence and freedom. It also discusses, according to treaties and documents, the resolution of the Kurdish issue within each of the countries of Turkey, Iraq, and Iran, and sheds light on the false promises that the governments of those three countries have given to the Kurds, as the words and actions of each of the governments regarding the Kurdish issue have been different.

The Kurds

Bernard Dorin

The chapters of this book discuss the identity of the Kurds and the sources of Kurdistan, the Ottoman Empire and the transformation of the 1920s, the Kurds in Iran, Syria, Iraq, and Turkey, Turkey's attempt to join the European Union, and the Kurdish issue and a new regional agreement.

History of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Volume Two

Kurdistan Democratic Party Encyclopedia Board

History of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Volume One

Kurdistan Democratic Party Encyclopedia Board

Kurdish Refugees in Iran 1974-1979 (A Historical Documentary Study)

Dr. Fattah Muhammad Wallatzheri

This book is an academic thesis on the refuge of the Kurds of Southern Kurdistan to Iran between the years (1974-1979), which consists of an introduction, a gateway, four chapters, and appendices. In the gateway, it discusses the Situation of the area under the authority of the September Revolution from social, economic, political, and military perspectives between the years (1970-19749). The first chapter of this book is about the refuge of the people of Southern Kurdistan to Iran between the years (1974-1979) and consists of three sections, which analyze the stages of the refugees' departure to Iran, the difficulties they faced during their departure, the reception and management of the refugees, and the distribution and settlement of the refugees by the Iranian government. The second chapter discusses the treatment of the Iranian and Iraqi governments towards Kurdish refugees between the years (1974-1979) and consists of five sections: the treatment of the Imperial government's institutions towards Kurdish refugees and the Iranian government's program for returning refugees to Iraq, the Iraqi government's policy regarding the return of refugees to Kurdistan and Iraq, the Iraqi government's stance regarding the departure of Kurdish refugees to Western countries, the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in the year 1979 and its impact on Kurdish refugees, and the stance of the Iranian people and Kurdish parties of Eastern Kurdistan towards Kurdish refugees. The third chapter of the book is about the general Situation of Kurdish refugees in Iran and covers three sections: it discusses the social Situation of the refugees such as marriage, childbirth, the health situation, education and training of refugees along with social problems and the sports Activity of the refugees, the economic situation such as salaries and the Iranian government's assistance to Kurdish refugees and the employment and work of refugees in both the public and private sectors, and the political situation such as the establishment of Kurdish political parties and organizations and the political Activity of Kurdistan Democratic Party among the refugees and the participation of refugees in military Activity against the Iraqi government between the years (1976-1979). The fourth chapter, which consists of three sections, discusses the stance of Turkey and some European and Western countries towards Kurdish refugees, such as the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, the Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Norway), France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, the Republic of Ireland, the United States of America, Canada, and Australia.

Activity of political parties and organizations in Iran during the years (1941-1953)

This book is an academic study that consists of an introduction, a gateway, and four sections. The gateway of this book includes four themes that discuss the background of party life in Iran, the Situation of political parties and organizations between the years (1921-1941), the changes of the years (1939-1941), and the expansion of organizational Activity. The first section consists of four themes regarding left-wing parties and organizations in Iran between the years (1941-1935), such as the Tudeh Party of Iran, the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, Kurdish left-wing parties and organizations, and small and less influential left-wing parties and organizations. The second section of this book includes four themes that discuss right-wing parties and organizations between the years (1941-1935), such as conservative parties, nationalist parties, moderate parties, and Islamic parties and organizations. The third section, which includes four themes, is dedicated to the stance of political parties and organizations on events in Iran during the years (1941-1946), such as the stance of parties regarding the occupation of Iran by the Allies, parties and the issue of northern oil between Iran and the Soviet Union, the alliance of left-wing parties and the fall of the republics of Azerbaijan and Kurdistan, and the stance of parties and organizations regarding the internal situation of Iran. The fourth section sheds light on the role of political parties and organizations in internal developments in Iran during the years (1947-1953) and includes four themes such as: the Situation of parties and organizations during the years (1947-1949) until the assassination attempt on the Shah, parties and organizations and the sixteenth term elections and the establishment of the National Front, the role of parties and organizations during the oil nationalization crisis in the years (1950-1951), and parties and organizations during the era of the National Front government between the years (1951-1953).

The Kurdish Student Movement in Iraq (1926-1970)

Majid Hassan Ali

This book is an academic study translated from Arabic. It discusses the history of the Kurdish student movement and its professional and political struggle in Iraq between (1926-1970). It consists of a preface, an introduction, four parts, and appendices. The introduction discusses the early emergence of the Kurdish student stratum and the rise of students' political and organizational awareness at the end of the Ottoman era. It then addresses the steps toward establishing the first Kurdish student organization, the Hêvî Society, in 1912, and the role of Kurdish students in that society and in other organizations. The first part concerns the role of Kurdish students in Kurdish cultural associations and political organizations in Iraq between (1926-1946). It contains two themes: the role of Kurdish students in forming cultural associations and political organizations up to Iraq's independence in 1932, including the Nahda (Awakening) School Society, the associations formed after the settlement of the Mosul Vilayet, the Youth Society, the Kurdish Aid Society, and the Kurdish Watch Society. It also covers the growing role of Kurdish students in the period after Iraq's independence, including the Simko Shikak Club, the Kurdish Freedom Society, the Brusk Society, the Darkar Society, the student vanguard in the Hiwa Party, and the role of students in Kurdish leftist associations and organizations. The second part is devoted to the development of Kurdish student organizations in Iraq between (1946-1970). It consists of two themes addressing efforts to create a student organization in Iraq, including the initial attempts to form a students' union in Iraq, the establishment of the first student organization in Iraq, the emergence of an organization for the Kurdish student movement after the founding of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) in 1946, the formation in Koya in 1946 of the Kurdish student organization (K.P.X), the Society for the Advancement of Education, the 1948 al-Sibaa Congress, and the General Union of Iraqi Students. It also discusses the creation of Kurdish student organizations in Iraq, including the establishment and development of the Kurdistan Students Union. The third part, which contains two themes, concerns the positions of students and Kurdish student organizations toward domestic and foreign political developments between 1926-1970. Domestic developments include the Kurdish nationalist liberation movement; the political events and developments of the period between (1926-1961); the Barzan uprising between 1943-1945; the students' position on government policy toward the Barzanis; the September 11 Revolution and its developments in 1961-1970; the 1964 split in the KDP; and the March 11, 1970 Agreement. Iraqi and Arab political developments include the May 1941 movement, the January 1948 uprising (al-Wathbah), the November 1952 uprising, the July 14, 1958 Revolution and the new regime, the February 8, 1963 coup, the Palestine question, and the Tripartite Aggression against Egypt in 1956. The fourth part highlights the cultural and social activities of the Kurdish student movement in Iraq, including journalism and publishing, books and articles, participation in international festivals, the presentation of theatrical performances and art exhibitions, celebrations for the national festival of Newroz, acquaintance gatherings, and other activities.

Reflections on a Hundred Years of Oppression of the Kurdish People

Dr. Rebaz Jalal Ahmad Nanakali

The first part concerns ancient history and the emergence of the Kurds. It briefly examines Kurdish ethnology and discusses the Medes and their actual relationship to the Kurds. It then connects geography and history as factors that caused the Kurds' isolation. The second part discusses the collapse of the Ottoman state and its effects on the Kurdish nation. It also makes important reference to how Kurdish tribes were exploited, fragmented, and deceived in the name of religion. Alongside this, it addresses the massacres of Armenians and Kurds at the hands of the Ottoman Turks and the Young Turks. The third part is devoted to the First World War and the partition of the Middle East by Britain, France, and Russia. It discusses the efforts of Kurdish figures to establish a Kurdish state within the framework of the Treaty of Sèvres, followed by Atatürk's agreement with the Allied countries within the Treaty of Lausanne. It also examines the discovery of oil in the region as the beginning of Kurdish misfortune, Britain's insistence on creating a country for the Arab tribes of southern Mesopotamia, and the forcible attachment of the Kurds to that country. The fourth part is devoted to Britain's creation of a country called Iraq, the settlement of the Mosul Vilayet question in Iraq's favor, and the marginalization of the Kurdish national will. The fifth part presents the emergence of the Barzan revolutions and the formation of a new national current. It reveals the major role of the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani in the Kurdish liberation movement. It also examines the establishment of the Republic of Kurdistan in Mahabad under the presidency of Peshawa Qazi Muhammad and the important role of the Barzan revolutionary army under the command of General Mustafa Barzani. The most important subjects in the sixth part are the revolution—that is, the July 14 coup—and Mustafa Barzani's return from exile, the emergence of the September Revolution and the Ba'athist coup, the continuation of the revolution and the March 11 Agreement, the ill-fated Algiers Agreement, and the destruction of the dream of Kurdish autonomy. The seventh part discusses the genocide of the Kurdish people. After the Algiers Agreement, Saddam's Ba'ath regime began destroying Kurdistan by every means: the genocide of the Feyli Kurds, followed by the start of the Iraq-Iran War and further massacres of the Kurds—first the genocide of the Barzanis, then the Anfal operations and the use of prohibited chemical weapons against the innocent people of Kurdistan. The eighth part is devoted to demography and the population of Southern Kurdistan. It highlights attempts to eradicate and cleanse the Kurdish people, which caused a decline in the Kurdish population of Southern Kurdistan. The ninth part concerns the overthrow of the Ba'ath regime in Iraq and the arrival in power of a Shiite group affiliated with Iran. It also presents Kurdish participation in rebuilding Iraq, the subsequent drafting of Iraq's permanent constitution, the rise of ISIS and the collapse of the Iraqi army in Mosul, the Kurdish decision to hold an independence referendum, the occupation of Kirkuk by the Popular Mobilization Forces with Iranian support, and the conduct of regional and international states toward the Kurdish people's decision for independence.